GRAMMAR OF THE UNIT:

PAST PARTICIPIE:

BE - BEEN








BECOME-BECAME




COME -CAME



BREAK-BREAKEM



DO-DONE


DRINK-DRUNK


DRIVE-DEIVER



EAT -EATEN


FIND - FOUND




GET UP-GOT UP



GIVE - GIVEN



HEAR - HEAD



MAKE- MADE



MEET- MET



RIDE - RIDDEN




SEE -SEEN

principal part of the computer

principal part

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE COMPUTUER

Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified

HADWARE:the trem hadware covers all or those parts of a computer that are tangible objects.Circuits, display,power supiess,cables,keyboard ,printer,asnd mice are all hadware.

CONTROL UNIT: the control unit(often calleed a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components ;it read and interprets(decodes)the program instruccion transforming them into a series of control signal which active other part of the computer.
MEMORY: a computrer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read . other parts of the computer: The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or input information. There are many different keyboard layouts and sizes with the most common for Latin based languages being the QWERTY layout (named for the first 6 keys). The standard keyboard has 101 keys. Notebooks have embedded keys accessible by special keys or by pressing key combinations (CTRL or Command and P for example). Ergonomically designed keyboards are designed to make typing easier. Hand held devices have various and different keyboard configurations and touch screens.

Some of the keys have a special use. There are referred to as command keys. The 3 most common are the Control or CTRL, Alternate or Alt and the Shift keys though there can be more (the Windows key for example or the Command key). Each key on a standard keyboard has one or two characters. Press the key to get the lower character and hold Shift to get the upper.

Removable Storage and/or Disk Drives - All disks need a drive to get information off - or read - and put information on the disk - or write. Each drive is designed for a specific type of disk whether it is a CD, DVD, hard disk or floppy. Often the term 'disk' and 'drive' are used to describe the same thing but it helps to understand that the disk is the storage device which contains computer files - software - and the drive is the mechanism that runs the disk.

Digital flash drives work slightly differently as they use memory cards to store information so there are no moving parts. Digital cameras also use Flash memory cards to store information, in this case photographs. Hand held devices use digital drives and many also use memory cards.

Mouse
- Most modern computers today are run using a mouse controlled pointer. Generally if the mouse has two buttons the left one is used to select objects and text and the right one is used to access menus. If the mouse has one button (Mac for instance) it controls all the activity and a mouse with a third button can be used by specific software programs.

One type of mouse has a round ball under the bottom of the mouse that rolls and turns two wheels which control the direction of the pointer on the screen. Another type of mouse uses an optical system to track the movement of the mouse. Laptop computers use touch pads, buttons and other devices to control the pointer. Hand helds use a combination of devices to control the pointer, including touch screens.

Monitors
- The monitor shows information on the screen when you type. This is called outputting information. When the computer needs more information it will display a message on the screen, usually through a dialog box. Monitors come in many types and sizes. The resolution of the monitor determines the sharpness of the screen. The resolution can be adjusted to control the screen's display..

Most desktop computers use a monitor with a cathode tube or liquid crystal display. Most notebooks use a liquid crystal display monitor.

To get the full benefit of today's software with full colour graphics and animation, computers need a color monitor with a display or graphics .

Printers - The printer takes the information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard copy. There are many different types of printers with various levels of quality. The three basic types of printer are; dot matrix, inkjet, and laser.

• Dot matrix printers work like a typewriter transferring ink from a ribbon to paper with a series or 'matrix' of tiny pins.



• Ink jet printers work like dot matrix printers but fires a stream of ink from a cartridge directly onto the paper.



• Laser printers use the same technology as a photocopier using heat to transfer toner onto paper.

Modem - A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable or line-of-site wireless.

The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer digital information directly >keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key–meaning associations (respectively) of a computer, typewriter, or other typographic keyboard.

• Mechanical layout: The placements and keys of a keyboard.



• Visual layout: The arrangement of the legends (markings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard.



• Functional layout: The arrangement of the key–meaning associations, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard.

THE COMPUTER

- A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. Complex computers also include the means for storing data (including the program, which is also a form of data) for some necessary duration. A program may be invariable and built into the computer (and called logic circuitry as it is on microprocessors) or different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded into its storage and then started by an administrator or user). Today's computers have both kinds of programming. Most histories of the modern computer begin with the Analytical Engine envisioned by Charles Babbage following the mathematical ideas of George Boole, the mathematician who first stated the principles of logic inherent in today's digital computer. Babbage's assistant and collaborator, Ada Lovelace, is said to have introduced the ideas of program loops and subroutines and is sometimes considered the first programmer. Apart from mechanical calculators, the first really useable computers began with the vacuum tube, accelerated with the invention of the transistor, which then became embedded in large numbers in integrated circuits, ultimately making possible the relatively low-cost personal computer. Modern computers inherently follow the ideas of the stored program laid out by John von Neumann in 1945. Essentially, the program is read by the computer one instruction at a time, an operation is performed, and the computer then reads in the next instruction, and so on. Recently, computers and programs have been devised that allow multiple programs (and computers) to work on the same problem at the same time in parallel. With the advent of the Internet and higher bandwidth data transmission, programs and data that are part of the same overall project can be distributed over a network and embody the Sun Microsystems slogan: "The network is the computer."

CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTE


They can also be classified in different ways like classification of computers by size.

Super computer



Super computers can process huge amounts of data, The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs. Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.

Mainframes






Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe, which can also process millions of instructions per second and is capable of accessing billions of data. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservation companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis.

This is normally to expensive and out of reach from a salary-based person who wants a computer for his home. This kind of computer can cost thousands of dollars.

Minicomputer

This computer is next in line but offers less than mainframe in work and performance. These are the computers which are mostly preferred by the small type of business personals, colleges, etc.

Personal computers


Almost all the computer users are familiar with the personal computers. They normally know what the personal computer is and what are its functions. This is the computer mostly preferred by the home users. These computers are lesser in cost than the computers given above and also, small in size; they are also called PCs in short for Personal computers.

This computer is small in size and you can easily arrange it to fit in your single bedroom with its all accommodation. Today this is thought to be the most popular computer in all.

Notebook computers
Having a small size and low weight the notebook is easy to carry to anywhere. A student can take it with him/her to his/her school in his/her bag with his/her book. This is easy to carry around and preferred by students and business people to meet their assignments and other necessary tasks.
The approach of this computer is also the same as the Personal computer. It can store the same amount of data and having a memory of the same size as that of a personal computer. One can say that it is the replacement of personal desktop computer.

CONCEPTOS BASICOS

< REDES DE COMPUTADORAS
UNA RED DE COMPUTADORAS O RED DE INFORMATICA ES EL CONJUNTO
(COMPUTADORAS Y DISPOSITIVOS )CONECTADAS POR MEDIO DE CLASES , SEÑALES ONDAS
O CUALQUIER OTRO METODO DE TRANSPORTE DE DATOS QUE COMPARTEN INFORMACION.


DIRECCIONES O DOMICILIO

LAS DIRECCIONES IP QUE SON LAS QUE IDENTIFICAN A CUALQUIER ORDENADOR DE LA RED ASÍ QUE LA FUNCION DE IP SERA EL DE ASIGNAR UNA DIRECCION DE IP PARA EL REMITENTE O PARA EL DESTINO .


LOS DOMINIOS SON LOS QUE TRANSFORMAN EL IP

PASOS ALTERNATIVOS PARA WINDOWS VISTA O WINDOWS SEVEN 2008.


INTRODUCCION AL PROTOCOLO FTP

LA NANOTECNOLOGIA Y LA ROBOTICA
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nanotecnología

La palabra "nanotecnología" es usada para definir , técnicas aplicadas a nanoescala,esta nos permite trabajar y manipular los átomos y su estructura molecular.

Los científicos utilizan la nanotecnología para crear materiales, aparatos,sistemas novedosos

El padre de la nanociencia es considerado Richard Feyman, quién en 1959, propuso fabricar productos en base a un reordenamiento de átomos y moleculas .



ROBOTICA

Que un robot esté controlado por un ordenador conectado a él no es nada demasiado novedoso. Ahora bien, que el propio robot lleve todo un ordenador dentro ya se sale un poco más de lo normal. El Vstone Robovie-PC es un ejemplo de este último caso.

p>Una plataforma de ultraportátil es ideal para ello, pues ofrece la potencia suficiente para una tarea de este tipo, pero un tamaño compacto y un consumo reducido de energía. Dentro de este robot hay un procesador Intel Atom Z530 a 1.6 GHz, conectividad Wi-Fi, puerto USB,...

Nissan sigue investigando con robots para que en el futuro, lo que muchos vemos como posible, que la circulación se regule de forma independiente con ayuda de los datos de posicionamiento de los GPS integrados, sea una realidad. Es algo que vemos muchas veces en películas que reflejan el tráfico del futuro, además de coches voladores.

El 6 de octubre verá la luz el robot Eporo, última creación de los japoneses. Eporo, además de simpático en apariencia, es capaz de detectar obstáculos y permanecer en grupo incluso muy juntos sin que haya riesgo de accidente o choque.

El funcionamiento se basa en compartir la posición e información de ruta con los otros miembros del grupo. Además, unos sensores láser se encargan de que los obstáculos sean detectados y esquivados. Para este aspecto Nissan se ha fijado en la posición de los ojos en los peces, que al estar ligeramente en los laterales, obtiene una visión periférica muy útil para ir en bancos sin chocar unos con otros. ¿Os habéis fijado alguna vez en la precisión de movimientos de los bancos de peces?

ESTA HA SIDO DE MUCHA AYUDA ,PARA ENCONTRAR LA CURA DE MUCHAS ENFERMEDADES